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radha mitchell.Вместе с ростом экологического движения в начале 1990-х годов в США был принят ряд стандартов, которые ввели обязательность оснащения электронных блоков управления автомобилями (ЭБУ, ECU) системой за контролем параметров работы двигателя, имеющих прямое или косвенное отношение к составу выхлопа. Стандарты также предусмотрели протоколы считывания информации об отклонениях в экологических параметрах работы двигателя и другой диагностической информации из ЭБУ. OBD-II как раз и является системой накопления и считывания такой информации. Изначальная "экологическая направленность" OBD-II, с одной стороны, ограничила возможности по его использованию в диагностике всего спектра неисправностей, с другой стороны, предопределила его крайне широкое распространение как в США, так и на автомобилях других рынков. В США применение системы OBD-II (и установка соответствующей колодки диагностики) обязательны с 1996 г. (требование распространяется как на автомобили, производимые в США, так и на автомобили неамериканских марок, продаваемые в США). На автомобилях Европы и Азии протоколы OBD-II применяются также с 1996 г. (на небольшом количестве марок/моделей), но особенно - с 2001 г. для автомобилей с бензиновыми двигателями (с принятием соответствующего европейского стандарта - EOBD) и с 2004 г. для автомобилей с дизельными двигателями. Тем не менее, стандарт OBD-II частично или полностью поддерживают и некоторые автомобили, выпущенные ранее 1996 (2001) годов (pre-OBD автомобили).
Режимы диагностики
Протоколы OBD-II предоставляют диагносту ряд стандартизированных функциональных возможностей (режимов диагностики - modes):
Режим 1 - Считывание текущих параметров работы системы управления (Mode 1 PID Status & Live PID Information). Всего стандартом поддерживается около 20 параметров. Однако, каждый конкретный блок управления поддерживает ограниченное количество из них (например, в зависимости от установленных датчиков кислорода). С другой стороны, некоторые автопроизводители поддержи
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